- 22 December, 2024
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| Designation: |
Sr. Principal Scientist & Head, WWT
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| Email Id: | r_vijay[at]neeri[dot]res[dot]in |
| Qualification: | Ph.D (Env. Engg), M.Tech (Env. Engg), B.Tech (Civil Engg) |
| Specialization: |
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| Address: |
Sub-Vertical 3B: Waste Water Management, NEERI, Nagpur
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| Biodata: |
| Sr. No. | Publication Name |
|---|---|
| 1 |
Spatial and temporal assessment of groundwater quality in Puri city, India: a statistical analysis
Puri city is situated near Bay of Bengal where there is a balanced interface of sea water and fresh water near the coast line. The city receives water from the groundwater sources and the quality of ground water is being maintained. The main objective of the paper is to assess the quality of ground water using statistical techniques and the suitability of this water for its utility was verifi ed using Indian drinking water standards. Groundwater samples were collected from various specifi c areas during post and pre- monsoon seasons and analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters and compared with standards. The ground water is mainly polluted due to the domestic effl uent, which contains detergents, human and animal excreta, industrial waste and cremation of human and animal bodies. The study showed that concentration of quality parameters were more in the city area as |
| 2 |
Statistical assessment of seafront and beach water quality of Mumbai, India
The water quality of seafronts and beaches of Mumbai is under pressure and deteriorating due to discharge of partially treated sewage and wastewater through point and nonpoint sources. The objective of the study was to assess the water quality and to correlate physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters for establishing relationship, association and dependence on each other. The water quality parameters were selected as per SW II standards specified by Central Pollution Control Board, India and nutrient parameters as strong indicators of sewage pollution. Box and whisker plots were generated for evaluating spatio temporal variation of water quality which suggest influence of organic pollution mostly at Mahim and Dadar in the form of outliers and extremes. Pearson's correlations were estimated between parameters and found significant correlation with each other indicating influence of sewage on water quality. The water quality of beaches and seafronts were found unsafe for recreational purposes. Th |
| 3 |
Assessment of groundwater quality in Puri city, India: An impact of anthropogenic activities
Puri City is situated on the east coast of India and receives water supply only from the groundwater sources demarcated as water fields. The objective of this paper is to assess and evaluate the groundwater quality due to impact of anthropogenic activities in the city. Groundwater samples were collected from the water fields, hand pumps, open wells, and open water bodies during post-monsoon 2006 and summer 2007. Groundwater quality was evaluated with drinking water standards as prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards and Environmental Protection Agency to assess the suitability. The study indicated seasonal variation of water-quality parameters within the water fields and city area. Groundwater in the water fiel |
| 4 |
Monitoring changes in land use land cover of Yamuna riverbed in Delhi: a multi-temporal analysis
Impact of anthropogenic activities has led to significant changes in riverbeds over a period of time. The objective of the study was to monitor the land use land cover (LULC) of Yamuna riverbed in Delhi and to assess the changes due to natural and anthropogenic activities. The maximum likelihood classification was carried out by using March 1977, April 1999, April 2002 and February 2009 imageries. An overall accuracy of LULC classification of 2009 imagery was around 88.6% based on ground truth data. A significant reduction in the main river course and increase in agricultural activities as well as built up were observed in remote sensing analysis as an outcome |
| 5 |
Fluctuation of groundwater in an urban coastal city of India: a GIS based approach
Groundwater is the most important and valuable natural resources especially in coastal urban environment where surface water is insufficient to satisfy the water requirement. Puri city is located on the east coast of India where groundwater is the only source available to meet city water supply. As the city is situated on the sandy aquifer, quality of groundwater is deteriorating because of anthropogenic activities, lack of sewerage system, etc. The objective of the study was to assess the groundwater fluctuation during post-monsoon and summer with respect to hydrogeological conditions, topography, and groundwater consumption pattern of the city. For this assessment and analysis, Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to visualize topography of the area through digital elevation model (DEM) and distribution of groundwater contours spatially and temporally. The probable areas prone to contamination were identified based on aquifer property and depths to water table below ground. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. |
| 6 |
GIS based identification and assessment of groundwater quality potential zones in Puri city, India
Puri city is situated on the east coast of India and groundwater is the only source available to meet the potable water supply of the city. The objective of the study was to assess the impact of anthropogenic activities on groundwater quality and to identify the groundwater potential zones for drinking water production using GIS. Major sources of groundwater contamination in the city were open discharges of domestic sewage, inadequate sewerage system, open defecation, septic tanks, soak pits, contaminated water pools and unorganized solid waste dumping. Groundwater samples were collected and analyzed during post and pre monsoon to evaluate the drinking water quality as per Indian standards. The groundwater zones were prepared based on weighted index overlay analysis by assigning the weights based on the drinking water standards under different classes of individual water quality parameters. Finally, the potential zones were identified and assessed as suitable, moderately suitable and unsuitable for domestic purpose. Based on groundwater quality and geospatial analysis, measures were suggested to protect groundwater resources. |
| 7 |
Water quality assessment of Malad Creek, Mumbai, India: an impact of sewage and tidal water
The aim of the study was to carry out water quality assessment and to identify sources responsible for deterioration of quality in the Malad creek, Mumbai, India. Creek receives sewage and wastewater from various drains and partially treated effluent from Malad and Versova treatment facilities. To assess the water quality, sampling locations were identified in the creek based on discharges of wastewater and sewage. Identified locations were traced in physical space by a global positioning system. Samples were collected during low and high tides and analyzed for physical, chemical and bacteriological parameters such as pH, Turbidity, DO, BOD, NH3-N, PO4 and FC and compared with SW-II Standards. Parameters were also analyzed statistically and correlated to determine the relationship amongst the parameters using SPSS software. The idea was to determine the probable causes contributing to the pollution in the creek. Various options were suggested for improvement in the creek quality based on water quality assessment. |
| 8 |
Remote sensing of turbidity and phosphate in creeks and coast of Mumbai: An effect of organic matter
Geospatial approaches to monitoring and mapping water quality over a wide range of temporal and spatial scales have the potential to save field and laboratory efforts. The present study depicts the estimation of water quality parameters, namely turbidity and phosphate, through regression analysis using the reflectance derived from remote sensing data on the west coast of Mumbai, India. The predetermined coastal water samples were collected using the global positioning system (GPS) and were measured concurrently with satellite imagery acquisition. To study the influence of wastewater, the linear correlations were established between water quality parameters and reflectance of visible bands for either set of imagery for the study area, which was divided into three zones: creek water, shore?line water and coastal water. Turbidity and phosphate have the correlation coefficients in the range 0.75–0.94 and 0.78–0.98, respectively, for the study area. Negative correlation was observed for creek water owing to high organic content caused by the discharges of domestic wastewater from treatment facilities and non?point sources. Based on the least square method, equations are formulated to estimate turbidity and phosphate, to map the spatial variation on the GIS platform from simulated points. The applicability of satellite imagery for water quality pattern on the coast is verified for efficient planning and management. |
| 9 |
Water quality simulation of sewage impacts in west coast of Mumbai, India
Most coastal cities use the ocean as a site of waste disposal where pollutant loading degrades the quality of coastal waters. Presently, the west coast of Mumbai receives partially treated effluent from wastewater treatment facilities through ocean outfalls and discharges into creeks as well as wastewater/sewage from various open drains and nallahs which affect the water quality of creek and coastal water. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to simulate and assess the hydrodynamic behaviour and water quality due to impact of sewage and wastewater discharges from the west coast of Mumbai. Hydrodynamics and water quality were simulated based on present conditions and validated by using measured tide, current data and observed DO, BOD and FC. Observed and simulated results indicated non compliance to standards in Malad, Mahim creeks and the impact zones of ocean outfalls. The developed model could be used for generating various conditions of hydrodynamics and water quality considering the improvement in wastewater collection systems, treatment levels and proper disposal for proper planning and management of creeks and coastal environment. |
| 10 |
Development of Noise simulation model for stationary and mobile sources: a GIS based approach
In the rapidly urbanizing country like India, the transportation sector is growing rapidly, which lead to overcrowded roads producing air and noise pollution. Noise of a particular region is influenced by the volume of traffic on the highway, in addition to other causative factors like existing infrastructure and industrial setup etc. In the present paper, a geographical information system (GIS)-based noise simulation model has been developed to generate noise levels in Versova region of Mumbai, India. The study area comprises effect of infrastructure, road network, traffic volume, and various mechanical components like sewage pumping station and wastewater treatment facility. Various meteorological parameters and effect of land use and land cover on noise attenuation are also considered in the model. In this way, commutative noise prediction for point as well as mobile sources has been presented in the study. GIS-based noise simulation has been calibrated with observed noise levels during day and night time with correlation of 0.84 and 0.74, respectively. KeywordsNoise-Simulation-GIS-Point and mobile source |
| 11 |
Development of GIS based Environmental Information System: an Indian Scenario
Ideally, scientists should be able to format, explore, analyse, and visualise data in a simple, powerful and fast application that would seamlessly integrate georeferenced data from a variety of data sources into an intuitive visualisation. The focus of an Environmental Information System is providing environmental information to decision makers, policy planners, scientists and engineers, research workers, etc. which ensures integration of data collection, collation, storage, retrieval and dissemination to all concerned. All such queries should be responded to supplying substantive information in the form of reports. The paper presents an innovative way to utilise the geographic information associated with the environmental data. The stand-alone application is the integration of using ArcObjects Environmental System Research Institute ArcGIS Engine 9.1 and VB.Net. The geographic information system (GIS)-based application, a framework of digital earth in terms of environmental information system provides a user-friendly query interface, which gives information about various environmental parameters in tabular as well as on map display. It also provides the visual interpretation to make further analysis and future decisions at multiple scales, locations and extents. The facility for modifying the map attributes and corresponding databases is integrated to update the information system. Output spatial data are produced in the form of reports using selected fields with display on map. |
| 12 |
A Hydrodynamic approach to address Yamuna riverbed development in Delhi
Most critical flood problems occur in urban areas where values at risk are higher and damages tend to be heavier. In the present study, a hydrodynamic simulation of the river Yamuna has been generated under different designated flood flows to delineate the land availability under existing and modified riverbed geometry including channel dredging and riverbed dressing. Flood flows for various return periods, namely once in 10, 25, 50, and 100 years are estimated based on the past 41 years of recorded data using flood frequency analysis. The model set up considered the river stretch of 23 km from the Wazirabad barrage upstream to the Okhla barrage downstream, which includes manmade structures like bridges and barrages. Model calibration is achieved by comparing the water surface elevations with observed data at various downstream gauge stations. The land availability based on submergence scenarios under existing riverbed condition is estimated to be 1147.6, 873.1, and 762.6 ha, respectively, for 10, 50, and 100 year return flood. Various simulations are generated including channel dredging and riverbed dressing to obtain safe height and safe width for dressing the riverbed. The modified river geometry considered channel dredging in 750 to 1350 m width, and riverbed dressing for safe height and width in three levels in various sections. The land availability under this scenario is estimated to be 2197, 1129, and 545 ha for 10, 50, and 100 year return flood, respectively. It is proposed to dress the riverbed by utilizing the material obtained from channel dredging in three levels to maintain the transverse and longitudinal slope, river morphology, and river system. Developmental planning in the riverbed may include utilization of land at three levels for various purposes such as playgrounds, nursery, etc. However, it is suggested that the feasibility study of the project requires detailed engineering including slope stability prior to implementation of the riverbed development. |
| 13 |
GIS-based locational analysis of collection bins in municipal solid waste management systems
Solid waste management systems currently receive wide attention, from both economic and environmental plan-ners, because of their complexity during coordination of various management strategies. The efficiency and cost effective-ness of route optimization and disposal site selection depend largely upon the appropriate placement of storage bins and their corresponding command area for waste contribution. The present paper illustrates a geographic information system (GIS) based algorithm for optimal location and number of storage bins, considering p-median constrained model, based on Indian guidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Rules. The algorithm also computes the contributing command area of ??solid waste to a particular bin, based on the shortest distance, with descending slope for ease in solid waste collection. Summary : Solid waste management systems are currently attracting much attention from economic and environmental planners due to their complexity in coordinating various management strategies. The efficiency and cost-effectiveness of route optimization and landfill site selection largely depend on the appropriate location of the storage bins and their corresponding service area for waste collection. This article presents an algorithm based on a Geographic Information System (GIS) used to determine the optimal location and number of storage bins, given a constrained p-median model, based on guidelines for the regulation of municipal solid waste in India. The The algorithm also calculates the solid waste collection area served by a particular storage bin based on the shortest distance, with a downward slope to facilitate solid waste collection. Keywords: municipal solid waste, location of bins, area served, geographic information system. |
| 14 |
Spatio-temporal analysis of groundwater recharge and mound dynamics in an unconfined aquifer: a GIS-based approach
Groundwater recharge and mounding of water?table is a complex phenomenon involving time? and space?dependent hydrologic processes. The effect of long?term groundwater mounding in the aquifer depends on soil, aquifer geometry and the area contributing to recharge. In this paper, a GIS?based spatio?temporal algorithm has been developed for the groundwater mound dynamics to estimate the potential rise in the water?table and groundwater volume balance residual in an unconfined aquifer. The recharge and mound dynamics as predicted using the methodology recommended here were compared with those using the Hantush equation, and the differences were quite significant. The significance of the study is to assess the effectiveness of the basin in terms of its hydrologic and hydraulic properties for sustainable management of groundwater recharge. |
| 15 |
Hydrodynamic Simulation of River Yamuna for riverbed assessment: a case study of Delhi region
A well known river hydrodynamic model RiverCAD has been used to simulate and visualize flood scenarios for different designated flood flows under complex riverbed geometry with several man made structures like bridges and barrages. The model applied successfully for the stretch of 23 km in the Yamuna floodplain of Delhi region from Wazirabad barrage in the upstream to Okhla barrage. Flood flows for various return periods namely once in 10, 25, 50 and 100 years were estimated based on recorded flow data for the period of 1963 to 2003 using standard flood frequency analysis techniques. The simulation results were compared and the model was calibrated with water surface elevation records of the previous floods at various barrage and bridge locations. Simulation results enabled prediction of maximum water levels, submergence scenarios and land availability under different designated flood flows for riverbed assessment, development and management. |
| 16 |
Quantitative assessment of annual runoff in sub-catchments using GIS: A case study of the Tapi river basin, India
The Tapi is a major interstate, westerly flowing river with 14 tributaries, of which the left bank tributaries support large settlements in Maharashtra State. It has been identified as one of the water scarce basins of India. There are many dams and barrages in the basin to store and divert water for agricultural and industrial purposes. This results in low flow and deterioration of water quality in the region particularly in non?monsoon months. This paper presents the details of a GIS?based rainfall?runoff modelling study carried out to assess the runoff flow in the sub?catchments and at the outlet of the Tapi Basin. Using mean monthly rainfall data at seven gauging stations in the basin, and land use and soil characteristics as reported by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), the annual runoff flow at the watershed outlet was estimated to be 18,814 MCM. A comparison of runoff generated in the sub?catchments and the observed runoff at Central Water Commission (CWC) monitoring stations is presented. Results of the simulation indicate that the reduced river flows caused by the number of dams/reservoirs constructed upstream are useful as a guideline for the development of environmental flow regulations for rivers and streams in the Tapi Basin. |
| 17 |
Estimation and Allocation of Solid Waste to Bin Through Geographical Information System (GIS)
This study presents a geographical information system (GIS)-based procedure for the precise estimation of solid waste generation, computed using the local population density and income group distribution. Using a triangulated irregular network (TIN) in a GIS environment, the procedure further determines the command area for waste allocation to a particular bin which is generally located so the route slopes towards the collection points for ease of transportation by cart pullers. Computational results of bin location, type, size and the frequency of removal are presented for a typical urban area with known population density, income group distribution, road network and topology. |
| 18 |
Computation of reservoir storage capacity and submergence using GIS
Measurement of volumes is an important task in many civil engineering projects. In designing dams, the volumes that need to be determined are storage and submergence. In this paper, a GIS-based algorithm has been developed to compute storage capacities and submergence scenarios of reservoirs with varying dam height. The computation is based on a digital elevation model (DEM) of the topography and triangulated irregular networks (TIN). The method requires that real-world coordinates are used for the computations, which highlights the need for surveying. |
| 19 |
Identification and leaching characteristics of sludge generated from metal pickling and electroplating industries by Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure (TCLP)
One of India's major concerns is the increasing level of land pollution largely due to the uncontrolled disposal of industrialsolid and hazardous waste. With rapid industrialization, thegeneration of industrial solid and hazardous waste has increasedappreciably and the nature of waste generated has become complex.Their impacts on the ecological bodies are noticeable. The article describes the details of studies conducted using Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure, to estimate the toxicity effects of the metals viz., chromium, zinc, manganese,iron, nickel, cobalt and copper by the Zero Headspace Extractorfor the sludges generated from effluent treatment plant of steeltube, wire and plating industries on environment constituentslike groundwater, surface water and land. Toxicity Characteristics Leaching Procedure determines the mobility of organic and inorganic analytes of liquid, solid or multiphase waste from hazardous solid wastes in the form of primary and secondary extracts. These extracts are mixed in equal volumeproportion and analyzed by Direct Reading 2000 spectrophotometer.The amount of heavy metals observed during the studies in theleachates were found and the results were compared with HazardousWaste categories as per Indian Standards, TCLP regulatory limitsgiven by United States Environment Protection Agency (USEPA) andGermany Leachate Quality Standards and it was observed that theywere on higher side, needing a proper preventive concept of sludge management including handling, treatment, recovery and disposal. |
| 20 |
Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Organic Compounds with special reference to Acrylonitirle
Enrichment of acrylonitrile (AN) degrading bacterial culture from contaminated soil resulted in the isolation of two cultures which were identified as gram negative small rods (C1) and gram positive cocci (C2). One of the cultures (C1) was identified as Citrobacter fruendii on the basis of biochemical and physiological tests. Both the cultures (C1 and C2) were able to utilize acrylonitrile up to a concentration of 2000 mg/l as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen. The studies also confirmed that the acrylonitrile contaminated soil when ploughed with well mixed AN degrading culture, diammonium phosphate and farmyard manure, could be completely remediated within two months from the date of soil amendment. |
| 21 |
Evaluation of noise barriers based on geometries and materials: A review
The acoustical properties of a barrier are highly dependent on the physical properties of the material and the internal structure of the material. The acoustical material can curtail the quality of sound or enhance the dispersion, depends on the application being considered. The efficient acoustic performance of noise barriers possessing different shapes and materials including waste materials are reviewed for field implementation to achieve the low-cost sustainable noise barrier application in the Indian context. The review analysis of research papers demonstrates that the acoustic performance of barriers is dependent on different shapes, materials, textures as well as onsite geometry.? Based on the review study, T-shaped barriers with a soft top surface are found to be efficient at noise attenuation. For transparent barriers, perceived loudness and noise annoyance are assessed lower than that for opaque barriers and utilization of waste materials viz. plastic, rubber, bottom coal ash etc. gives high noise attenuation along with low-cost efficiency. Noise pollution levels are high from prescribed noise limits in most of the Indian metropolitan cities. The Indian government is working on mitigation strategies of noise pollution as well as abiding laws regarding noise standards for the zone (residential, industrial, commercial and silences) wise. In contrast, some communities which are adjacent to roads are suffering from high noise levels in the ambience. Therefore, it requires a coherent strategy for long term measures intended at minimizing exposure of noise hence providing much more comfortable to live, work, and shop near high-traffic roads. Noise barriers are highly beneficial in mitigating the emitted noise from the traffic.?? |
| 22 |
3D printing of high surface area ceramic honeycombs substrates and comparative evaluation for treatment of sewage in Phytorid application
Substrates properties play an important role in immobilization of bio-organisms and hence in optimizing design of the bioreactor to maximize the performance. Highly flexible 3D printing process based on virtual Computer Aided Design (CAD) is used for producing honeycomb substrates with desired properties. Clay based honeycomb with square, triangular and hexagonal configurations are 3D printed in order to achieve substrates with pre-designed geometrical surface areas. Laboratory reactors were fabricated with engineered properties using 3D printed honeycombs and a combination of honeycombs and commonly used stones for performance evaluation. Additionally, reactor based on commonly used gravel stones also fabricated for sake of comparison of performance. In order to elucidate the performance, sewage mix was fed into the reactors and the space velocity of all the three reactors were maintained at 0.041 h?1. The sewage before and after treatment was tested for the performance markers such as pH, TSS, BOD and COD. Treated water met the stipulated standards prescribed by American Public Health Association with respect to all parameters studied. Though the difference in the performance of the reactors was marginal, with honeycombs a substantial reduction in the weight of the reactor can be accrued along with high mass transfer due to low pressure drop which can be attributed to the inherent higher surface to volume ratio. Further, by engineering the surface porosity of the honeycombs, it is possible reduce TSS as demonstrated in this study. These advantages offer flexibility in scaling up the reactors for larger capacities for de-centralized requirements. |
| 23 |
Hydrodynamic and Advection-Dispersion Simulation of Cool Seawater Discharges from an LNG Facility
The impact of cool seawater discharge in the coastal waters from a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) plant has been simulated using MIKE21. In this work, hydrodynamics conditions of the coastal waters were calibrated and corroborated to predict the cool seawater discharge under two plant design scenarios by selecting flow rate 15 m3 /s and 10 m3 /s with a temperature drop of 5 °C and 7 °C, respectively. The simulations were carried out under different scenarios, to arrive at the best possible case to minimize the potential impact on the coastal environment. Both the simulated scenarios complied with the available World Bank guidelines for LNG facilities. However, the designed scenario of flow rate 10 m3 /s with a temperature drop of 7 °C between inlet and outlet presents a better choice as it reduces the pumping power of seawater intake. As there are no Indian guidelines for cool seawater discharges from LNG plant, the present work can support the policymakers and regulators to formulate coherent discharge standards. |
| 24 |
Traffic noise prediction model of an Indian Road: An increased scenario of vehicles and honking
Noise is considered as an underrated and underemphasized pollutant in contrast to other pollutants of the environment. Due to the non-acute response of health effects, people are not vigilant towards consequences regarding noise pollution. The expansion of the transportation industry is contributing towards the increment in the public and private vehicular volume which causes an increment in noise pollution. For evaluation of respective scenario, the research study has been conducted on one of the minor roads of Nagpur, India; for 2 years, viz., 2012 and 2019. The study concludes an increment of 5–6 dB(A) in noise level, 4–6 times in honking, and 1.7 times in traffic volume. The study confirms increment in sound pressure by 65.9% and 81.9% for the year 2012 and 2019 during morning and evening sessions, respectively. Noise prediction model has also been developed for the abovementioned years, using multiple regression analysis, considering traffic volume, honking, and speed against noise equivalent level. Honking has been further characterized into honk by light and medium category vehicles as acoustical properties of horns vary with respect to category of vehicle and introduced into the noise prediction model. Noise prediction model for 2019 has predicted the noise level in a range of ? 1.7 to + 1.4 dB (Leq) with 84% of observations in the range of ? 1 to + 1 dB (Leq), when compared with observed Leq on the field. For proper management of noise pollution, a noise prediction model is essentially needed so that the noise level can be anticipated, and accordingly, measures can be outlined and executed. This increased noise level has serious impacts on human hearing capacity and overall health. Accordingly, noise mitigation preventive measures are recommended to control traffic noise in the urban environment. |
| 25 |
Environmental Science and Remote Sensing Applications in Hydrological Studies
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| 26 |
Geospatial assessment of land surface temperature in Nagpur, India: an impact of urbanization
Temperature is one of the factors which affects the meteorological phenomenon prevailing in an urban area and ultimately leads to climate change and global warming. Measurement of surface temperature with conventional temperature sensors is tedious, has single point value and expensive. Satellite data of 2005, 2008, 2010 and 2016 are used to assess the land use land cover (LULC) and to measure the land surface temperature (LST) during the hottest month of May in Nagpur city, India. Based on the image analysis, it is observed that there is an increase in the average temperature from 40.0 to 44.6 ºC. This may be due to an increase in built-up area from 55.5 to 69.8% during 2005 to 2016, respectively. It has also been revealed that the outskirts of the city are hotter than the central portion of the city as there is more barren land on the outskirts. Results were compared to ambient temperature sensor that showed good agreement between temperature retrieved from satellite and temperature sensor. The study suggests that urban areas should be developed intermixed with vegetation and plantation and provisions of green belt along the city roads, highways and ring roads. Based on LST and LULC analysis, a green belt of 30 m along both sides of the road would lower the road temperature by 9.3 ºC from existing temperature of 44.7 ºC. This would help in lowering down the average temperature of the city. |
| 27 |
Characterization of Honking Noise in Urban Environment of Nagpur
India where festivals and functions are incomplete without blare sound of loudspeakers in every nook and corner introduces noise as a pollutant in the environment. Contributing to such activities, major sources of noise seeks to be the traffic noise which also entails noise produced by constant honking scenario of the vehicles. Due to existing heterogeneous condition of traffic scenario in India, the research was carried out on National highway whichemphasis on characterization of traffic and honking noise. Traffic volume, noise metrics with statistical indicators (Leq, L10, L90, Lmax, Lmin) were observed during morning, afternoon and evening session. Study includes manual quantification of honking incident of different categories of vehicle (light and medium), which exhibit positive relationship with observed Leq level. As per traffic volume data collected, 60-64% light category vehicles contributed 60-70% honks and medium category vehicle volume of 29- 32% contributing 30-40% of honks. Statistical analysis and |
| 28 |
Geospatial assessment of urban sprawl and landslide susceptibility around the Nainital lake, Uttarakhand, India
Landslide is one of the challenges faced by mountainous regions due to natural phenomena and human activity. Nainital district in the state of Uttarakhand is one of the popular tourist spots in India. It is situated in a lesser Himalayan belt facing experiences number of landslides every year. This region comes under the Main Boundary Thrust and Main Central Thrust which are considered to be very sensitive for landslides. Landslide susceptibility mapping is a proficient tool to identify vulnerable zones for landslides. Remote sensing and geographic information system are very effective tools for collecting, analysing and interpreting land use data, and on the other hand, multi-criteria valuation (MCE) allows users for decision-making by considering various factors affecting the process of the landslide. The MCE technique was applied considering present land use/land cover, slope, drainage, lithology, geomorphology, and type of soil. Overlay analysis and land susceptibility mapping was carried out for the area around the Nainital lake. The study concludes with hot spot analysis and recommends mitigation measures like geotextiles, retaining walls and strict building by-laws for preventing landslides. |
| 29 |
Impact of urbanization on creeks of Mumbai, India: a geospatial assessment approach
Creeks are the inherent coastline feature that connects rivers to the sea and plays an important role in the ecological processes and the material transfer. In the present study, an impact of urbanisation on the creeks of Mumbai, India namely Thane, Malad and Manori creeks, has been addressed. Multi-temporal satellite images of Landsat for the years 1972, 1994 and 2016 are considered to perform the changes in the mudflat and growth of the mangrove, as well as the changes in creeks width apart from the Land use Land cover (LULC). Object-based image analysis using multi-spectral resolution confirmed that there is an overall increase in the spatial extent of mangroves and reduction in the width of all the creeks. Mangroves around Thane creek and Manori creek have increased from 50.7 km2 to 57.6 km2 and 8.4 km2 to 25.2 km2respectively. However, there is a decrease in mangroves around Malad Creek from13.3 km2 to 9.7 km2during 1972 to 2016. The relationship between the creek geometry and LULC was also explored, and it has been revealed that the creek width has reduced due to urbanisation. Life expectancy analysis projected a further reduction in the width of the creeks for the years 2025 and 2050. The study suggests that there must be stringent bye-laws for disposal of sewage into the creeks and development activity near the creek areas. Further, upper stretches of the creeks require cleaning and dredging so that the tidal water will be approached up to the upper portion to maintain the creek ecosystem. |
| 30 |
An impact of sewage pumping failure on coastal water quality of Mumbai, India
A model was conceptualized to emulate the behaviour of coastal water during high and low tides and the impact of the pump failure in present and projected future scenarios was estimated on it. The model was validated before being used for failure scenario simulation. The study indicates that potential adverse effects on water quality are imminent in case of sewage pumping station failure and warrants better planning and management in terms of diversionary and evacuation routes and preparedness plans. |
| 31 |
Noise pollution in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR): An emerging environmental threat
Noise pollution in urban areas is an emerging environmental threat which local agencies and state authorities must consider in planning and development. Excessive noise is becoming a significant problem adversely affecting the physiological and psychological health of the citizens. Present study was carried out to assess and quantitatively evaluate ambient noise levels in Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR) consisting of 9 cities namely Bhiwandi-Nizampur, Kalyan-Dombivli, Mira-Bhayandar, Mumbai, Navi Mumbai, Panvel, Thane, Ulhasnagar and Vasai-Virar. The noise environment was assessed on the basis of equivalent continuous sound pressure levels (Leq), day-night noise levels (LDN) and noise limit exceedance factor (NEF) during day and night time of working and non-working days in four different area categories, viz. industrial, commercial, residential and silence zones. Present study shows that silence zones have been the worst affected areas where noise pollution levels and NEF indicate excessive violation of permissible noise limits due to unplanned, congested and unruly spaces for developmental and commercial activities, followed closely by residential and commercial zones. Cities with separate industrial and commercial zones showed less noisy surroundings in comparison with those cities where land use pattern of industrial and commercial zones is around or overlapping each other. It can thus be concluded that appropriate demarcation and planned use of city space is important to avoid exposure to rising noise pollution levels. Based on the noise pollution in (MMR), various control measures are suggested including awareness campaign and strict compliance of the rules and regulations. |
| 32 |
Tidal and seasonal variations in water quality of Thane creek, Mumbai, India: a statistical analysis
Water quality of Thane creek was assessed spatially and temporally based on receiving waterbody standards and nutrient parameters. Due to large data set and variation in water quality, statistical analysis was carried out to summarize a data set quantitatively using Box and Whiskers plots. These plots helped to display data spread at a glance, reveal data symmetry and skewness as well as the presence of outliers. Further, Spearman’s correlation matrices were generated to establish the relationship between physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters and found to have significant correlation between them. The study reveals that the Thane creek is polluted based on receiving waterbody standards in all the seasons even during low and high tides. The creek water is more polluted in the upper stretch as compared to middle and lower stretches. Immediate attention is required for the |
| 33 |
An innovative approach of urban noise monitoring using cycle in Nagpur, India
Noise is one of the most significant sources of environmental pollution in metro cities. Traffic noise plays an important role to contribute to ambient noise pollution. Noise pollution monitoring was carried out using sound level meter mounted on the cycle with the help of mould fixed on it. Cycle is a noiseless mode of transport and therefore, it was used for noise monitoring over 700 locations in Nagpur City. Noise levels were recorded at each location for 5 min during peak rush hours of traffic in the morning and in the evening at an interval of 1 s leading to around 300 readings each. Noise indices like Leq, L90, L10, Lmax and Lmin were calculated for noise level data analysis. TNI was also determined for analysis of traffic noise on intersections of roads. Equivalent noise levels were transferred into the Geographic Information System (GIS) and spatial analysis tool was used to create spatial and strategic noise maps. Based on the maps, it is revealed that noise levels are exceeded all over the city with respect to ambient noise standards. It was experienced that intersections of roads during peak rush time are very noisy due to honking. The study recommends the noise monitoring through cycle-mounted sound level meter since it covers unapproachable sites, more coverage in the city that helps in identifying hotspot area of concern for noise abatement strategies and planning. |
| 34 |
Hydrodynamics and water quality simulation of Thane creek, Mumbai: an impact of sewage discharge
To assess the impact of sewage discharges on creek water quality, a hydrodynamic and water quality simulation was carried out for Thane Creek. DO and BOD values showed non-compliance up to middle and upper stretches during low tide and even in upper stretch during high tide. FC was found beyond compliance level during low and high tides. Simulated results were correlated with observed tide and current as hydrodynamics and DO, BOD and FC as water quality parameters with correlation coefficients 0.66 to 0.91. |
| 35 |
Review of processes controlling Arsenic retention and release in soils and sediments of Bengal basin and suitable iron based technologies for its removal
Arsenic in the soil environment has gained renewed interest because of the emerging cognizance that arsenic poisoning is a global concern. Groundwater in the Bengal Basin is significantly polluted by naturally occurring arsenic (As), a toxic metalloid, which adversely affects human health and among the countries facing As contamination problems, India and Bangladesh are the most affected. In soils and sediments, arsenic is often associated with Fe(III) (hydr)oxides and multiple processes/reactions govern its release into groundwater, including abiotic or biotically mediated oxidation-reduction and ligand exchange reactions. Reductive dissolution of arsenic-bearing Fe(III) (hydr)oxides and As(V) reduction to As(III) are the two main mechanisms controlling arsenic partitioning in soils, sediments and groundwater. Even though arsenic reduction is favourable over a wide range of conditions, Fe(III) reduction in nature is dependent on the biotic systems. This review reflects the current state of research for the understanding of arsenic in the soil environment with an emphasis on iron based technologies for its removal. It attempts to collate all the relevant literature such that it can be a useful resource for researchers or policy makers to help recognize and explore useful treatment options. |
| 36 |
Evaluation and analysis of noise levels at traffic intersections of Nagpur city, India
The objective of the present study was to monitor and assess the noise levels at traffic intersections in Napgur city under heterogenic traffic activities. For this, traffic volume and noise level were measured at intersections on highways, major roads and ring road during morning and evening peak hours. Traffic volume was categorized in light, medium and heavy vehicles while noise levels were measured for Lmin, Lmax, Leq, L10 and L90. Equivalent noise was observed in the range of 71.3 to 79.3 dB(A) at the traffic intersections. Due to heterogenic traffic conditions and activities at the intersection like honking, idling, gear noise, bearing noise, breaking noise, tyre-road noise and exhaust noise, no correlation was established between traffic volume and observed noise levels except West High Court road. A strong correlation was found at West High Court road due to controlled traffic flow and less impact of heavy vehicles. Impact of noisy vehicles on general traffic was also assessed at the traffic intersections based on noise pollution levels and traffic noise index. The study suggests that control measures are required at the traffic intersections to minimize noise pollution levels. |
| 37 |
Characterization of Traffic Noise and Honking Assessment of an Indian Urban Road
To study the traffic noise on an Indian urban highway, traffic noise levels (Leq, Lpeak, Lmax and Lmin), traffic volume, speed and honking incidents were measured in peak traffic hours in the morning and evening. An attempt has been made to characterize the traffic noise including the impact of honking. Honking of horn was positively correlated with Leq and negatively correlated with traffic speed. In case of traffic volume and road width, no significant correlation was established with Leq. Based on the observed honking and Leq in each time interval, statistical analysis was performed for assessing the impact of honking on traffic noise and its estimation through trend analysis. Further, quantification of honking noise was carried out considering frequency analysis of audio spectrum of traffic noise. Both the analyzes confirm the honking contributed an additional noise of 1–4dB(A) over and above the traffic monitoring noise. The study suggests that honking noise must be included as a factor while monitoring traffic noise in some places where honking is common practice. This study will help in characterizing the traffic noise and the impact of honking for further abatement studies. |
| 38 |
GIS based solid waste management information system for Nagpur city
Solid waste management is one of the major problems of today’s world and needs to be addressed by proper utilization of technologies and design of effective, flexible and structured information system. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to design and develop a GIS based solid waste management information system as a decision making and planning tool for regularities and municipal authorities. The system integrates geospatial features of the city and database of existing solid waste management. GIS based information system facilitates modules of |
| 39 |
Interactive web-based data generation software applicable for river engineering
It's an era of automated system, many researching organizations are working on automated system to ease burden of conventional systems. Among all, if data generation system for large geographical area like: River modelling, Biodiversity and air quality monitoring is considered then conventional method used for data generation realizes burdensome, time consuming, never ending process and sometime fails even. Consequently, it is very essential to develop auto data generation techniques which will generate large data to support conventional method (form a team of researcher, carry-out field work, collect sample, test it with the instruments and generate data). This research paper introduces a web-based software developed for the Kanhan river to generate river water quality data for its modelling. Software uses different data generation techniques like: data extraction, data estimation, data generation using public-partnership and data generation using scientific software respectively. This research paper also demonstrates its public portal utilized for the public health management. |
| 40 |
Responsive Information generation system for Kanhan River, an effective information system for river modelling
River is main source of water for drinking and domestic usage. Over exploitation and discharge of surface water in river stream has ecologically stressed the rivers. In view to manage river health, it is essential to carry out river engineering periodically. River follows complex structure; goes through dense forest and valleys. Therefore, measuring water quality and several other parameters associated with the river is a discouraging job. Mostly river follows longest path and generating data for such large geographical area is very challenging. Scientific study of the river requires data for several consecutive years. Having such large data requirement and expecting data generation simply through field-work is highly burdened and never ending process. Therefore, in this paper we introduced auto data generation techniques like: data extraction, data generation through public-partnership, data estimation and data generation using GIS (Geographic information system) based utility software. Lastly, we illustrate complete data generated by using these auto data generation techniques |
| 41 |
Trip Time Comparison of Conventional and Exchange Container Mode for Solid Waste Bins Collection: A Case Study of Ilorin Nigeria
The use of hauled container system for municipal solid waste collection and transportation often results in socio-economic and environmental impacts which are linearly related to trip time. In this study, trip times for the conventional and exchange container mode of solid waste collection by the hauled container system were evaluated. A trip time model was developed for this evaluation through field studies. The model was applied on ten trips to collect solid waste bins and its transportation to disposal site in the city of Ilorin, Nigeria. The results of the model for both modes were compared and Showed that at 5 % significance level,.the trip time for the conventional mode was greater than the trip time for the exchange container mode. Also, the exchange container mode resulted in haul distance reduction by 3 to 15% and trip time reduction by 2.5 to 13 %. This reduction could help in improving logistics and also reduce the negative, impacts associated with collection operation. |
| 42 |
Zooplankton diversity as indicators of pollution in warm monomictic Dal-Nigeen lake
The study aimed to assess the zooplankton diversity in Dal–Nigeen lake located in Srinagar, India. Zooplankton is a secondary producer which acts as the intermediate link between phytoplankton and fish in aquatic environment. Zooplankton diversity in the lake was monitored during autumn 2012 and summer 2013. Among zooplankton single species belonging to protozoa, 11 species to rotifera, 3 species to cladocera, and 2 species with single larval stage belonging to copepod were identified. Percent composition of zooplankton communities revealed that rotifera was the most dominant group followed by copepoda in summer, while rotifera was the most dominant group followed by cladocera in autumn season. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index (SWI) in summer varied from 1.29 to 3.63 and from 1.43 to 3.67 in autumn indicating moderate-to-good level of zooplankton diversity in the lake and low-to-medium impact of organic pollution from the anthropogenic activities. The study indicates that species abundance was lower in summer as compared to autumn season which may be due thereby to variation in environmental characteristics of the lake water. |
| 43 |
Geostatistical assessment of nitrate in groundwater of Puri city, India
Groundwater quality is a major concern for assuring safe public health in terms of nitrate concentration. The objective of study was precise modeling of spatial variation of nitrate in groundwater using geostatistical analysis. To account for the uncertainty of the prediction, Kriging interpolation method was applied. The best Kriging method and semivariogram model were identified with optimum values of parameters to model the nitrate variation in groundwater. Accuracy of model was checked by error gauges and consistency of ground truth values with predicted values. Finally prediction and error maps of nitrate in groundwater were generated using Ordinary Kriging. The study reflects the importance of quality data and significance of geostatistical analysis f |
| 44 |
GIS based water quality indexing of Malad creek, Mumbai: an impact of sewage discharge
Malad creek is one of the most heavily polluted water bodies in Mumbai, India. Presently, creek receives wastewater and sewage from open drains and nallahs as well as partially treated wastewater from treatment facilities. The objective of the present study was to assess and classify the water quality zones spatially and temporally based on physico-chemical and bacteriological analysis. For this, GIS based methodology was integrated with water quality indexing, according to National Sanitation Foundation. Nine water quality parameters were considered to generate the indices that represent the overall status of creek water quality. Based on field observations and spatial distribution of water quality, various options were suggested for improvement in water quality of the creek. |
| 45 |
GIS for Municipal Solid Waste Management
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| 46 |
Impact of highway construction on water bodies: a geospatial assessment
India has witnessed a massive infrastructure boom in the past few years. One of such projects is National Highway-7 (NH-7), a North-South highway connecting Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, to Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, traversing many water bodies. The present study aims to assess the pre- and post-construction impact due to existing, new and widened NH-7 on the physical status of the water bodies, using remote sensing techniques. Satellite images spanning 22 years were procured and analysed for change detection in land use and land cover within the waterbodies. The study indicates that construction activities have led to transformation within the water bodies regarding reduction in area and inter-changing of land use and land cover classes, in turn leading to siltation and reduction of recharge. |
| 47 |
Estimation of rainfall-runoff using Curve Number: a GIS based development of Sathanur reservoir catchment
A GIS based algorithm has been developed to estimate the rainfall-runoff relationship of Sathanur reservoir catchment based on Soil Conservation Service (SCS) model. The landuse and soil maps were prepared in Arc/Info 9.0 and an arc macro language (AML) programme was developed to assign curve number based on landuse and soil classification including hydrological condition of the area. The algorithm was executed successfully by rainfall data for computation of runoff depth in all the sub watersheds. The study is important for a watershed, which does not have runoff records and can be used for planning of various water conservation measures. |
| 48 |
Modelling indigenous footpath and proximity cut-off values for municipal solid waste management: A case study of Ilorin, Nigeria
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| 49 |
Hydrodynamic Simulation of Flood wave using Dam Break Analysis in Hilly Terrain
A majority of river development projects forcing creation of a dam for hydroelectric generation, water supply, and/or recreational purposes warrants in-depth study on consequences of dam failure. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of such a catastrophic event due to the resulting surge wave in downstream of the dam. The study comprises hydrodynamic modeling of failure of a dam in hilly terrain using one dimensional dam break analysis to visualize a maximum credible failure (MCF) scenario due to 100-year return flood and breach formation. In this simulation, two bridges, confluences of two rivers and outflow from a powerhouse meeting in the downstream within the study area have also been considered. The simulation results include critical parameters like maximum flood discharges, maximum water levels and flood arrival time which are critical for the prediction of inundation in the downstream of the dam. The results may also be used to design protective measures to ensure the adequate security of the areas likely to be affected, as well as to develop flood warning system and emergency evacuation procedures. |
| 50 |
A multi-temporal analysis for change assessment and estimation of algal bloom in Sambhar Lake, Rajasthan, India
Sambhar Lake in Rajasthan, India is the major inland salt water lake producing salt for centuries. The present study addresses the monitoring changes in and around the lake and its consequent effect on the lake water ecology. For this, satellite images of the years 1976, 1981, 1997, and 2013 are analyzed for land use land cover classes. Significant reduction in the water body is observed in contrast with the increase in salt pan around the periphery of lake and wetland classes. Further, the extent of water body and algae in the lake are delineated as per normalized difference water index and normalized difference vegetation index. Rainfall data do not indicate any major change in the pattern, but drastic decrease in the extent of water body and significant increase in algal bloom are serious concerns for the lake’s existence. This may be due to surrounding anthropogenic activities and construction of check dams and anicuts in the lake catchment which curtail the runoff into the lake and provide favorable growth of algae. Sambhar Lake, being declared as a wetland according to the Ramsar Convention, is necessary to protect and conserve the ecological importance of the lake through sustainable planning and management. |
| 51 |
Impact of Sewage Discharges on Coastal Water Quality Mumbai, India: Present and Future Scenarios.
The simulation study assesses the impact of sewage discharges on the present and predicted water quality of the Mumbai coast using MIKE 21. Water quality parameters in terms of dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and faecal coliform (FC) are checked against specified standards. The simulation is validated for the present coastal hydrodynamics and observed water quality parameters. The validated model is further used for predicting scenarios in terms of upgradation in a pumping station and improvement in wastewater collection, treatment level and disposal systems. The water quality of the existing coastal environment does not conform to the stipulated standards but improves considerably in the prediction scenarios. However, despite a marked improvement in FC, it is not as per desired standards as no treatment for bacteria removal is considered. The simulation study emphasizes the need for exploring options like the reuse or recycle of treated effluent, as an effort for water conservation. |
| 52 |
Hydrodynamic assessment of coastal aquifer against saltwater intrusion for city water supply of Puri, India
Puri city is situated on the east coast of India, and groundwater is the only source available to meet city water supply. Due to increase in population and urbanization of the city, groundwater withdrawal is continuously increasing, which may lead to the movement of saline water interface toward the fresh groundwater. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the hydrodynamics of groundwater flow and to predict withdrawal for future water demand of the city without affecting the saltwater intrusion. For this, a groundwater flow model was conceptualized and validated for the present withdrawal coupled with the saltwater intrusion model. To assess the safe yield of groundwater withdrawal, various iterations were carried out with different withdrawal rates and movement of fresh and saltwater interface. This helped in quantifying the future demand of city water supply without affecting the interface between fresh groundwater and saltwater. Based on the simulation results, various measures were suggested to safeguard the groundwater resource against saltwater intrusion. |
| 53 |
Object-based image analysis for the impact of sewage pollution in Malad creek, Mumbai, India
Today, object-based image analysis provides an option for integrating spatial information beyond conventional pixel-based classifications for high-resolution imagery. Due to its rare applicability in pollution assessment, an attempt has been made to assess the spatial extent of sewage pollution in Malad Creek, Mumbai, India. Based on multiresolution segmentation of an IRS P6 (LISS IV) image and the Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI), the various water quality regions in the creek were classified. The existing literature implies that the reflectance of turbid water is similar to that of bare soil which gives positive NDTI values. In contrast to this, negative values of NDTI are observed in the present study due to the presence of organic matter which absorbs light and imparts turbidity, which is supported by the significant correlation between NDTI and turbidity. A strong relationship is observed between turbidity and water quality parameters, implying the impact of organic matter through discharges of sewage in the creek. Based on the classified regions and the water quality parameters, the extent of pollution was ranked as high, moderate, low and least. The methodology developed in the present study was successfully applied on an IKONOS image for the same study area but a different time frame. The approach will help in impact assessment of sewage pollution and its spatial extent in other water bodies. |
| 54 |
Assessment of tourism impact on land use land cover and natural slope in Manali, India: a geospatial analysis
Demand for tourism has increased the pressure on hill stations and is becoming a major concern for change in land use/land cover in Manali, India. A geospatial approach has been applied in the present study to assess the impact of tourism on land use/land cover and natural slope. For this, satellite images of 1989, 2000, 2005 and 2012 were used for change detection and ASTER digital elevation model was used for slope analysis. Impact of tourism in the study area was assessed through change in built-up and its sprawl on various slope classes over the years. Built-upincreased from 4.7 to 15.7 % during 1989–2012 indicating fast growing development in the area. At the same time, exponential increase in number of tourists from 1.4 to 28 lakhs from 1980 to 2011, respectively, confirms excessive pressure of tourism in the study area. Even, the number of hotels has increased over the years. Built-up is observed in gentle slope to very steep slope and increasing year by year. Since the study area is prone to landslide and an increment in built-up especially in extreme, steep and very steep slope becomes a matter of grave concern. This study suggests immediate attention of city developers and planners to achieve the long-term viability of tourism industry through sustainable developments. |
| 55 |
GIS based noise simulation open source software: N-GNOIS
Geographical information system (GIS)-based noise simulation software (N-GNOIS) has been developed to simulate the noise scenario due to point and mobile sources considering the impact of geographical features and meteorological parameters. These have been addressed in the software through attenuation modules of atmosphere, vegetation and barrier. N-GNOIS is a user friendly, platform-independent and open geospatial consortia (OGC) compliant software. It has been developed using open source technology (QGIS) and open source language (Python). N-GNOIS has unique features like cumulative impact of point and mobile sources, building structure and honking due to traffic. Honking is the most common phenomenon in developing countries and is frequently observed on any type of roads. N-GNOIS also helps in designing physical barrier and vegetation cover to check the propagation of noise and acts as a decision making tool for planning and management of noise component in environmental impact assessment (EIA) studies. |
| 56 |
Prioritization of catchments based on soil erosion using remote sensing and GIS
Water and soil are the most essential natural resources for socioeconomic development and sustenance of life. A study of soil and water dynamics at a watershed level facilitates a scientific approach towards their conservation and management. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System are tools that help to plan and manage natural resources on watershed basis. Studies were conducted for the formulation of catchment area treatment plan based on watershed prioritization with soil erosion studies using remote sensing techniques, corroborated with Geographic Information System (GIS), secondary data and ground truth information. Estimation of runoff and sediment yield is necessary in prioritization of catchment for the design of soil conservation structures and for identifying the critical erosion-prone areas of a catchment for implementation of best management plan with limited resources. The Universal Soil Loss Equation, Sediment Yield Determination and silt yield index methods are used for runoff and soil loss estimation for prioritization of the catchments. On the basis of soil erosion classes, the watersheds were grouped into very high, high, moderate and low priorities. High-priority watersheds need immediate attention for soil and water conservation, whereas low-priority watershed having good vegetative cover and low silt yield index may not need immediate attention for such treatments. |
| 57 |
Assessment of traffic noise on highway passing from urban agglomeration
Assessment of traffic noise pollution in developing countries is complex due to heterogeneity in traffic conditions like traffic volume, road width, honking, etc. To analyze the impact of such variables, a research study was carried out on a national highway passing from an urban agglomeration. Traffic volume and noise levels (L10, Lmin, Lmax, Leq and L90) were measured during morning and evening peak hours. Contribution of noise by individual vehicle was estimated using passenger car noise unit. Extent of noise pollution and impact of noisy vehicles were estimated using noise pollution level and traffic noise index, respectively. Noise levels were observed to be above the prescribed Indian and International standards. As per audio spectrum analysis of traffic noise, honking contributed an additional 3–4 dB(A) noise. Based on data analysis, a positive relationship was observed between noise levels and honking while negative correlation was observed between noise levels and road width. The study suggests that proper monitoring and analysis of traffic data is required for better planning of noise abatement measures. |
| 58 |
Identification of inlet and outlet locations for cool seawater discharges from an LNG facility
Two-dimensional hydrodynamic and advection-dispersion simulations were carried out to identify the appropriate locations of inlet and outlet for cool seawater discharges from the proposed Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) terminal using MIKE-21 suites of software. The model simulations were validated by comparing the observed and simulated hydrodynamics in terms of water depths, current speeds and directions. The model is satisfactorily correlated with coefficients 0.98, 0.86 and 0.91 for water depth, current speed and direction, respectively. The validated model was extended to predict the advection-dispersion phenomena for the two scenarios based on positions of inlet and outlet and their discharges. The predicted results of cool water discharges were compared to the existing Environmental Health and Safety, World Bank guidelines for LNG discharge facilities. It was observed that a trade-off is required before taking engineering decisions for selecting an environmentally acceptable and energy efficient option for such cool water discharges from an LNG facility. |
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